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Bulletin No. 32 M. M. LEIGHTON March 15, 1922. 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL APPAIRS 
James F, yYoodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Aghley, State Geologist 


a a aE 


COAL BEDS IN FAYETTE COUNTY , PENNSYLVANIA 
By 
1 BAS Sisler 


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* introduction. . , 

Coal was first discovered and burned in Payette County in 1759. 
From that early date production has steadily increased until the 
county is. the lnrgest producer of bituminous conl in Pennsylvania. 
This pre-emincnce is due to the ecasy acecssibility of large acreages 
of Pittsburgh coal, to its suprome quality a5 2 gas; steam, ond 
coking coal, and to ample transportation facilitics, both by water 
and rail. 


In 1918 Feyette County produced 32,925,888 tons of coal-valued 
at $72,818,426; of this total 11,531,224 tons, valued at $26,322,114 
were loaded at the mines for shipment; 348,083 tons were sold to 
local trade and used by employees; 758,096 tons were used at the 
mines for stcam and heat; 20,288,485 tons having a total valuc of 
$44,100,486 wero made into coke at the mines, For many yoars 
Fayctte County has producod more than twicc as much coke as any 
other county in the State, The county also lcads all other coke 
producing districts in the United States, | 


Fourteen coal beds in the county are locally mincable, More 
than twenty other cosls are not mincablc, The importance of the 
Pittsburgh bed has so overshadowod the other beds in the county, 
that they sre little developed. ‘With the steadily approaching 
exhaustion of the Pittsburgh bed, these thinner coals will gradually 

assume importance, and will finelly furnish the entire output of the 
county. This state of affairs has boen long recognized, but it is 
only in the last few years that any considerable prospecting of 


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these beds has been done. Even at the present time there are areas 
principally in the coals of the Allegheny formation in which little 
prospecting has been done, 


Fayette County is bounded on the north by Westmoreland County; 
on the east by Somerset County; on the south by West Virginia and 
Meryland; and on the west by Greene and Washington counties. Its 
area is 824 Square miles; its greatest length is 36 miles, and its 
greatest width is 30 miles. Its population in 1920 was 188,104. _ 


The county has a network of steam railroads. The Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad follows the east bank of Youghiogheny River across the 
county and with its branches opens up the district on the east side 
of the river, It gets some coal by chutes and aerial trams from the 
west side of the river. The Connellsville-Clarksburg branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio: Railroad opens up large fields in the southern 
part of the county. The Pennsylvania Railroad has many lines through- 
out the county. MThe.Monongahela Division follows Monongahela River 
along the entire west boundary of the county; the Paircnance-Greens- 
burg Division with its branches reaches many mining localities in the 
central part of the county. The main line of the Western Maryland 
Railroad follows’the west bank of Youghiogheny River from Confluence 
to Connellsville, where it connects with the Pittsburgh and Lake frie 
Railroad which follows the Youghiogheny to Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh 
and Lake frie Railroad runs along the Monongahela River between 
Pittsburgh and Browmsville. 


Monongahela River has been used extensively since 1841 for the 
transportation of coal mined in Fayette County. 


Fayette County has many improved roads and many miles of dirt 
roads that are kept in good condition. During war time much coal was 
hauled to sidings for shipment. At present very little coal is 
hauled over the highways for shipment by railroad. 


The country east of the western base of Chestnut Ridge is a 
series of long narrow ridges, roughly parallel, having a general 
northeast-southwest trend, and separated by rather wide valleys much 
dissected by mountain streams. Hlevations of 2800 feet are common on 
Laurel Ridge. Viewed from these high points the region to the west 
appears to be a featureless plain. It is in reality, a country of 
rolling land and numerous hills with gentle slopes, ranging from 1200 
to 1300 feet in elevation; a much dissected peneplain. The slopes 
are steep where the streams have entrenched themselves or cut across 
anticlines. Youghiogheny River has cut a deep gorge across the 
Ligonier Valley. Remnants of old stream terraces and channels line 
the slopes of the Monongahela. 


STRUCTURE. - 


There are ten major structural features in the:county, each 
affecting the position of the coal beds. These are, in order from 
east to west: Laurel Hill anticline, Ohiopyle syncline, Chestnut 
Ridge anticline, Elliottsville syncline, Dulaney anticline, Uniontown 


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syncline, Payette anticline, Lambert syncline, Brownsville anticline, 
and Port Royal syneline. Each structure has a northeast-southwest 


trend. 


The structure contours of the county were originally drawn on the 
top of the Pottsville sandstone and the bottom of the Pittsburgh coal ~ 
because of the uniformity and persistence of those rocks throughout 
the county. : 


The Laurel Hill anticline, a great fold at the eastern edge of 
the county, brings to light the erosion-resisting members of the 
Mississippian series, with resulting rugged mountain topography of 
steen slones and deep narrow valleys. Its axis is well defined, and 
plunges rapidly to the southwest, with a resulting steep dip into the 
syncline on the northwest. 


The -Ohiopyle syncline, the southern extension of the Ligonier 
Syncline, is a well defined basin. On the southern part of this 
basin the rocks rise gentiy to the southeast. Northeast at Conflu- - 
ence the slopes become rapidly steeper. Its axis tails out just 
north of Blliottsville, and the Chestnut Ridge anticline begins near 
the same locality. The slopes west of the basin are regular and 
gentle. 

The Chestnut Ridge anticline makes’ its. appearance just north of 
Blliottsville, as a minor fold, with gentle slopes; Near Youghio-~ 
gheny River the slopes increase; the axis is level, and the siopes 
are about equal on both flanks. North of the Youghiogheny the fold is 

~ greater, and foms the highest structural feature west of Laurel Hill 
anticline. Altitudes of 2300 feet above sea on the Pottsville sand- 
_« Stone-are comnon., Sa eT 
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2 * “he Elliottsville syncline,-a-‘minor structure associated with the 
Ohiopyle syncline, extends north from West Virginia, just west of 
Ellicttsville, to a point south of Youghiogheny River where it fades 
out between the Chestnut Ridge and Dulaney anticlines. Its eastern 
Slope is very gentle; on tne western slope the rocks rise 600 to 700 
feet to the mile and fom the Dulaney anticline. 


: The Dulaney anticline, the next structural feature to the west, 
iS & minor fold where it originates just across the State line in 
West Virginia; its axis rises rapidly to the northeast until the 
Pottsville sandstone has an altitude of 3200 feet on the axis of the 
fold south of the Summit. Toward Youghiogheny River the fold , 
gradually widens and the Slopes become low and gradual. 


_ The Uniontown syncline, forming the well-know Comelisville 
basin in Payette County, is the largest structural feature in the ; 
county west of the Chestnut Ridge anticline. The deepest part of this 
basin is 33 miles northeast of Uniontown, where the Pistsburgh coal 
is 550 feet above sea level and 600 fect below the highest nill tops. 
The baSin is unsymmetrical in cross section. The castern flank is 
narrow and the slope steep; the western flank-is wider, and the slope 
more gentle. The bottom of the basin is flat, and has a maximum width 


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of about 13 miles. The axis rises toward the south. The northern 
end is rounded and canoe-shaped. 


The ‘Fayette anticline forms the western flank of the Connells- 
ville basin. This fold gradually increases northward across the 
county, and reaches its maximum development in Youghiogheny River 
area. Its greatest altitude of 1800 feet is reached on the Fayette- 
Westmoreland county line, just northwest of Tyrone Mills on Jacobs 
Creek. The slopes on both flanks are gentle. 


The Lambert syncline, lying west of the Fayette anticline, is a 
basin Somewhat deeper but not as regular as that formed by the 
Uniontown syncline. The Lambert syncline originates in Greene County 
and deepens toward the north to its greatest depth just west of New 
Salem, where the Pittsburgh coal lies at an elevation of 450 feet 
above sea. The rocks rise rapidly on the east to the crest. of the. 
Fayette ahticline; on the west the slopes are more gentle. 


The Browmsville anticline is a minor structure composed of a 
series of elongated domes along a common axis. The Pittsburgh coal 
has an altitude of 800 feet at Browmmsville and at Gillespie north 
of which place the axis plunges sharply. 


The southern ‘tip of the Port Royal syncline extends into the 
county, but is an unimportant structural feature. 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


The Quaternary, Carboniferous, and Devonian systems have out- 
cropping members in Payette County. The Quaternary is represented 
by recent sand, clay and gravel deposits along river banks and 
terraces; the Carboniferous system is represented by both the 
Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series of sedimentary rocks, com-~ 
prising shales, clays, sandstones, limestones, and coals. The out- 
erops of Devonian rocks are limited to the Catskill formation, coml- 
posed of olive green and red shales, 


The Pottsville, Allegheny, Conemaugh, Monongahela, Washington, 
and Greene formations of the Carboniferous system are all coal 
bearing. 


The Washington and Greene formations are present where the 
Uniontown and Lambert synclines have deeply buried the lower rocks. 
These formations are composed of shaly sandstone and sandy shale, 
with numerous thin limestones, and several coal beds, some of which 
are workable. In Greene County the maximum thickness of these iyi 
formations is 1100 feet. In Fayette County, however, only 400 ree 


is present the remainder having been eroded. 


The Monongahela formation is composed of calcareous oH eolaetanat 
sandstones, limestones, and coal beds. It has been eroded sl Ba 
parts of the county. Its maximum thickness is 400 feet where 1 
renains intact under the Washington formation. 


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The Conemaugh formation is present in two-thirds of the county 
and outcrops on the flanks of the structural folds. This formation 
is composed of shales, limestones, sandstones and many coal beds, 


few of which are mineable, Its average thickness is about 580 feet, 


The Allegheny formation is present over the entire county with 
the exception of spots on the anticlines where it has been eroded, 


It has an average thickness of 270 feet and is composed of sandstones, 


shales, limestones, and several valuable coal beds, associated with 
clays which are sometimes valuable, 


The Pottsville formation is composed of two massive sandstones, 
variable in thickness, with shale and one unimportant coal between 
them. Its maximum thickness rarely exceeds 100 feet, 


The Devonian rocks have a limited outcrop on the largest anti- 
Clines, They are not coal bearing. 


COALS. 


The correlation of the coals in Payette County is based on the 
reports of the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey, and the Mason- 
town-Uniontown end the Brownsville- Connellsville folios published by 
the United States Geological Survey. These reports were made when 
the Pittsburgh coal was the only bed being mined commercially, and 
more attention was paid to it than to the other coal beds. Since 
these A were published no detailed geological work has been ee 
done. - The writer recently made a reconnaissance of the newly 
developed areas. The correlations in this report, therefore, are- 
Subject to revision when a detailed re-survey of the economic arog} 
sources of the county is made, However, with the well known Pitts- 
burgh coal as a datum, the correlations of the other beds may be 
assumed as reasonably correct. } 


Mercer Coal. The Mercer co { has a limited outcrop in the 
county. It is best exposed:along tJoughiogheny River, where it 
averages less than 12 inches, but locally is over 2 feet thick. 
Openings made for local use are now fallen shut. The bed was opened 
at Wharton Furnace on Chaney Run to make coke for use in the old 
furnace but the coke was poor. On Braddock Run the coal has a maxi- 
mum thickness of 4 feet, but is dirty at the top. It has possibili- 
ties as a domestic fuel east of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge in the 
vicinity of the National Pike. <A coal bed which has been prospected 

& miles south of Tyrone Mills in the northern part of the county 
is 4 feet thick including two thin bone partings, and is believed to 


be the Mercer coal. This coal, reported in several drillings, varies 


from a few inches to 4 feet thick, The coal is high in ash and 
sulphur; its fixed carbon and volatile matter are medium. 


‘ Ri ny 


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Brookville-Clarion Coal. A bed about 30 feet above the Homewood 


Sandstone and called the Brookville-Clarion coal for lack of better 
correlation, is locally a good clean coal of mineable thickness. [It 
changes within a few hundred feet to an impure coal, extremely high 


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in ash and sulphur, carrying numerous clay partings #hat make it: 
unmineable. Where at its best it is a low sulphur, low ash coal, 
fairly high in fixed carbon. 


The bed is thickest and cleanest on the west side of the Chest- 
nut-Laurel ridge where it was used in the furnaces in the early days 
of the iron ore iné@ustry in Fayette County. It was opened on Cheat 
River: where it occurred in two benches; a top one 2 feet 6 inches 
thick, separated by nearly 4 feet of iron ore from a lower bench 18 
inches thick. It was also mined many years ago in West Union town- 
Ship, and measured 8 feet 5 inches, including two clay partings, 1 
and 3 inches thick. The coal had fair quality, medium in ash, fairly 
high in sulphur, and rather high in fixed carbon. 


Along the Youghiogheny the Mercer coal is clean but varies from 
@ few inches to 3 feet in short distances. On Bear Run it is 2 feet 
8 inches thick; at Ohiopyle 2 feet 2 inches; at Oakland 18 inches to 
& feet thick. The bed appears to be thin but persistent on and east 


6f Chestnut-Laurel ridge. 


A coal bed 3 to 6 feet thick at the horizon of the Mercer has 
been noticed on Jacobs Creek but it has never been mined, 


Lower Kittanning Coal. Except in the Confluence-Indian Creek 
district, the Kittanning coals are deeply buried, and little is know 
ox their thickness or quality. Large areas remain untested, and the 
correlation of the beds is uncertain, 


The Lower Kittanning coal averages less than 2 feet thick where 


it has been recognized in the county. It is thickest and hest on 


Indian Creek, where it is mined extensively for shipment as a steam 
coal. The bed averages 3 feet 8 inches thick, and contains an 
average of 3 percent sulphur, The roof commonly is shale, with an 
average of 6 inches of boney coal beneath it. This boney coal is 
separated from the mein coal by a bone parting $ inch thick. The 
main coal locally has one or two bone binders from 1 tu 2 inches 
thick near the center of the bed. The coal is medium in hardness 
and mines out in sticks, because of its closely spaced columnar - 
cleavage planes. The coal varies from 1.8 to 8 percent sulphur, and 
from 4.1 to 20,8 percent ash. 


The bed is mined in the vicinity of Dunbar where it occurs in 
two benches, a top one of good cléan coal 2 teet 2 inches thick 
Separated from a lower bench by a thin bone or clay parting. The 
lower bench is 14 inches thick; the coal is hard but has many 
"Sulphur bands". <A 6 foot bed of clay directly underlying it is 
mined for brick making. 


The coal is thin and very impure in many places, but future 
prospecting may discover areas where it can be mined profitably. 


Middle Kittanning Coal. This bed is rarely mineable and in 
large aréas is entirely absent. It is 5 feet thick on Jonothan Run, 
where it has been mined for house coal. 





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Upver Kittanning Coal. This coal is present in several town- 
Ships but is workable only in the Confluence-Indian Creek district, 
and in isolated tracts in the central and western parts of the county. 
The coal is more or less dirty, carrying either bone or clay part- 
ings, or several inches of boney coal at the top of the bec. The 
presence of "sulphur balls" locally makes it very high in sulphur. 

The ash varies from 2.5 to 13 per cent. 


The Upper Kittanning is the most valuable and the only bed 
mined in the Confluence area. It is mined by drift along its out-° 
crop on Youghiogheny River. It is characteristically a double bed, 
with a fire clay parting 6 inches to 6 feet thick, The upper bench 
of good coal ranges from 1 foot 6 inches to 3 feet thick. The lower 
bench is from 1 foot to 23 feet thick, and is rather high in sulphur. 


In the vicinity of -Ohiopyle the bed is 2 to 33 feet ‘thick, has 
many thin bone partings, and althouzh very clean locally, it varies 
much in quality. 


In the vicinity of Dunbar the Lower Kittanning is a single bed 
averaging 2s feet thick. The bottom clay is 6 feet thick in some 
places and is mined with the coal for making brick. 


The coal outcrops in many other localities and ranges from a few 
inches to 4 feet in thickness. Where thickest it'‘carries several 
bone or shale partings which lessen its value. The Upper Kittanning 
in most places is better than the Lower Kittanning. The sulphur 
content averages less than 3 percent, and the ash around 7 percent, 
The fuel ratio is always about 3, 


Lower Freeport Coal. This is the most irregular bed in the 
Allegheny formation in Fayette County. It ranges from a few inches 
to 5 feet in thickness, carries bone or clay partings and never is 
clean. Where thickest the partings are numerous, 


This bed has been mined on Indian Creek, where its maximum 
thickness is 5 feet, including at least two binders having a total 
thickness of over 1 foot. The top bench, usually 3 feet thick, is 
good coal. The lower bench is seldom mined, Several mines were 
opened in this bed when the prices of coal were high, but it is 
ale if the small mines can be operated at a profit in normal 

ames, 


The bed is thin and worthless almost everywhere in the Ligonier 
Valley, its average thickness being less than 1% feet. 


West of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge the bed is thicker, but is 
mineable in few places, It is a thick bed in several townships, but 
three clay partings destroy its value, 


At Dunbar the bed averages 30 inches thick, and carries a two 
inch bone binder about 5 inches from the top, It is difficult to 
Separate this binder from the coal. The coal is very low in sulphur, 
but high in ash, 


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The bed is usually concealed in the southern part of the county, 
- but on Little Sandy Creek it is a good coal 4 feet thick. It is very 
thin in the northern part of the county and is never opened. 


Upper Freeport Coal. This bed is the most persistent of the 
Allegheny coaIs in Fayette County. Its thickness varies from a few 
inches to 6 feet; it also varies from a clean coal to a coal with 
many partings and high in iron pyrite. It is a well known bed in 
the eastern and central parts of the county where it outcrops, ‘but 
in the western part of the county where it is deep under cover, it 
is known only from drill records, 


Many openings have been made recently in this bed in Henry Clay 
and Stewart townships. The coal shows great variation in quality 
and thickness, but in most places is in two benches separated by 6 
inches to 4 feet of fire clay. The top bench varies from $ to 3 
feet, and the lower bench from 1 to 24 feet thick. Locally two or 
more bone partings appear in the coal in addition to the main clay 
parting, Large areas in Springfield and Saltlick townships are yet 
unprospected, but may contain some mineable tracts. 


The Upper Freeport coal has been opened in a-‘great many places: 
in the central part of the county. In Springhill, Georges, Wharton, 
Dunbar and North and South Union townships, the bed averages about 
4 feet thick, but has several thick bone and clay partings. Locally, 
however, it is thinner and cleaner. At Dunbar the bed averages 4 
feet 2 inches thick, but carries many partings near the top and 
bottom. There is 30 inches of good clean coal in the middle of the 
bed. ‘North of the Youghiogheny the bed varies from 3 to 7 feet 
thick, and is best at South Connellsville where it is 7 feet 2 
inches thick, with only three very thin bone partings. 


Drill records indicate that the Upper Freeport coal is lenticu- 
lar, but is thick and excellent in some of the townships bordering 
the Monongahela, 


This coal ranges from 1.5 to 4 percent in sulphur, and from 6 
to 15 percent ash, depending upon the amount of impurities left in 
the coal after it is mined. When the Pittsburgh coal has been 
worked out this bed will assume importance, as it is 2 fair steam 
coal, It does not make satisfactory coke. 


Conemaugh Coals, The correlation of the Conemaugh coals is 
most Vague and this Survey will attempt none wntil detailed studies 
of the limestones and their faunas have established the real’ 
identity of the beds, In the absence of better designations, local 
names will be used, 


Farmington Goal. This coal, 65 feet above the Upper Freeport, 
is 3 feet thick at the tovm of Farmington in Wharton township. On 
Jonathon Run northeast of Youghiogheny River this bed averages 2 
feet, and is even thicker in southern Wharton township where it 
carries several bone and clay partings. It has no commercial value 
at present. 


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Hager Coal. This bed, lying about 180 feet above the Upper 
Freeport, has been mined in the vicinity of Yager Hill where it is 
5 feet thick; On Tharp Knob south of Yougniogheny River it is 5 to 
7 feet thick, but contains several bone partings. It was once mined 
for local use on Redstone Creek, 


Barton Coal, This bed, found about 115 feet above the Ames 
limestone, was mined years ago near Wharton Furnace in Wharton tow- 
Ship where it varies from 18 inches to 4 feet thick. Elsewhere it 
is not mineable and in some large areas is absent. 


Pittsburgh Coal, The Pittsburgh coal in Payette County is 
naturally divided and can be conveniently discussed in two natural 
districts or basins, the Uniontowmn-Connellsville district and the 
Monongahela River district, Differences in quality and physical 
character of the coal are marked in the two districts. 


Pittsburgh Coal in the Uniontown-Connellsville District. 


The Pittsburgh coal in this district ranges from 8 to 11 feet 
thick, It is unusually clean, and carries but one persistent bone 
binder varying from 4+ to 3 inches thick, about 18 inches from the 
bottom, In many places several bone partings,averaging less than 
& inch, separate the benches in the lower Givision. The upper 
division is present, but is not as characteristic of the bed as in 
the river districts It is left on the roof to insure safety; some~ 
times a few inches of top coal from the lower division is also left 


for safety. The floor is remarkably uniform and free from "rolls." 


The coal has alternating dull resinous and bright shiny streaks, 
and contains numerous small lenses of bone, and some pyrite; it is 
compact, tends to break into cubes; is tender, and falls apart with 
handling. The latter character is not objectionable, as it puts the 
coal in the best form for thorough coking. The Pittsburgh coal in 
the Connelisville’ basin is also used successfully as a steam coal, 


To avoid a long discussion by townships, a table showing the 
general average thickness of the bed in the townships included in 
this district, has been compiled from a great number of sections, 


_DZocally the coal may vary as much as a foot from these generalized 
sections, but in the main they illustrate the representative thick- 
ness of the bed. 


Roof Lower Coal in Roof 

Township Division Clay Division Division 

| Rich Mia pate Wate Pts Tn oo Bese Ime 

Springhill 4 0 0 6 8 8 as 6 
Georges 4 O 2 8 9 2 gt 10 
North Union 2 0 @) 5 8 a 0 8 
Dunbar 3) as 1 @) 9 6) 3 % 
Connellsville 5 0 1 @) 8 2 3 8 














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North of Cheat River the bed is gun te: but its roof division 
not mineable, being composed of alternating layers of coal and 
clay. 


The lower division is free from impurities with the exception 
or omy lenses of bone coal and two thin binders that are a eeeios 
presen 


The chief difficulty in mining comes from a poor roof and 
occasional swells in the soft clay bottom, 


COKE. 





The Connellsville coke region in Fayette County embraces an 


area 25 miles long by 24 miles wide, containing 60 to 75 square 


miles, The Pittsburgh coal in this. region has earned a reputation 
as the standard coking coal in the world, 


The production of coke in this area began in 1859 with the 
successful trial of this fuel at the Pittsburgh furnace of Graff, 
Bennett and Company, In 1860 there were 70 beehive ovens in opera- 
tion in the district. 


The coke from this region has a silvery lustre, metallic ring, 
is cellular, tenaceous, comparatively free from impurities, and-is 
capable of bearing a heavy burden in the furnace, Its hardness, well 
developed cell structure, purity, and uniform quality have given it 
a great reputation as a blast furnace coke. The average yield in 


coke is 65 per cent. 


Pittsburgh Coat in the River District, 


re The Pittsburgh bed is ears a gas coal in the River District 
ho | 


ugh it is also used successfully as a steam and by-product 
¢dking coal. 


The roof division is invariably present in this district, 
thickens to the north and is mineable locally. It ranges from 1 to 7 
feet thick and is composed of alternating layers of coal and clay. 


The lower division commonly is 7 to 9 feet thick, ‘and is almost: 
always divided by thin bone partings into four benches, the "Breast", 
the "Bearing-in", the "Brick", and the "Lower Bottom" coal. ‘The 
"Breast" coal is the main part of the bed, averaging about 5 feet 6 
inches thick. Bad roof conditions at times force operators to leave 
as much as 14 inches of this coal at the top to hold the roof. In 
some places the "Brick" and "Lower Bottom" coal are impure and are’ 
left as a floor. In most mines the entire lower division is mined, 
The lower division thins northward to the Youghiogheny, 


| The lower division of the Pittsburgh bed averages about 9 feet 
thick in German, Menallen, Redstone, and Luzerne townships; in . 
Nicholson and Brownsville townships the average is slightly lower. 


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In the central part of Jefferson. the western part of Perry, and the 
southeastern part of Washington townships it averages about 8S feet. 
In the western part of Jefferson and Washington townships, and in 
Lower Tyrone township the average thickness is 7 feet. 


Recstone Coal, The correlation of this bed anc of the Sewickley 
coal above it, is uncertain in several areas, and only tentative 
until more detailec geologic work can be cone. These beds are very 
lenticular, irregular, and poorly exposed. Their distance above the 
Pittsburgh bec appears to ciffer from place to place. Becs ranging 
from 40 to 126 feet above the Pittsburgh coal have been correlated 
as the Redstone. 


The Redstone coal commonly is about 60 feet above the Pittsburgh 
bed. Although extremely variable in thickness, it is a valuable bed 
locally, and is minec for domestic use in several places. With the 


exhaustion of the Pittsburgh-bed, it will assume some importance as 


@ Shipping coal, It is hard, and mines out in fair sized lumps; it 
is rather high in sulphur and ash. 


‘At Lemont air shaft the coal is 4 feet thick; at Hill Parm 3 
feet, and at Leith shaft 5 feet 7 inches thick. [It carries several 
very thin bone partings that lessen its value. South and southwest 
of Uniontown the bed has been openec for domestic use and averages 
about 3 feet thick, Many thin lenses of bone, and “knife blades” of 
pyrite make its ash and sulphur rather high, ‘In Springhill township 
the bed averages 4% feet thick and is mined for house coal. It is 
poor in quality, and will probably never be valuable as a shipping 
coal. 


The Redstone coal is persistent in the river cistrict, but 
averages less than 2 feet thick. \here the bec thickens, partings 
of shale and bone make mining unprofitable except for house coal, 


Sewickley Coal. A. coal 120 to 175 feet above the Pittsburgh 
bec, is opened at many places both for domestic and shipping coal. 
This bed varies from a few inches to 6 feet in thickness. As a rule 
it is very dirty and impure, but locally where thick has excellent 
quality and commercial mines have been opened PTV Dw es Oe a hs 
variable in its physical and chemical qualities. Its sulphur will 
average about 3s per cent, and its ash about 11 per cent. The 
volatile matter is very high. Washing and picking make it an 
excellent steam coal, 


In the vicinity of Masontown the Sewickley coal has a maximum 
thickness of 6 feet, and averages 5 feet 10 inches. A few inches at 
the top of the bed is a mixture of pyrite bancs and coal, but the 
remainder is clean. At FPairchance the bed averages 4 feet 2 inches . 
thick, with 5 inches of bone at the top, a4 inch binder 3 feet from 
the roof, and a % inch parting near the bottom. At Uledi it averages 
4 feet 6 inches thick, with a 3/4 inch bone binder 2 feet from the 


bottom. Rolls in the clay floor make mining difficult. The coal is 


minec at many other places in the county, but variations in thickness 
and quality in a short distance make successful mining uncertain, 


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Uniontown - he This coal, lying 250 to 505 feet above thé 
Pi ttebazen bed, is thin and unimportant everywhere in the county. 
In the vicinity of Uniontown, where it furnishes a small supply of 
house coal, it is 3 feet 2 inches thick, including 4 inches of clay 
in the center of the bed. It has been recorded in many shaft sections 
and drill holes, but is seldom thick enough for mining. 


Waynesburg Coal. © This bec is unimportant in the Uniontown- 
ConnelIsville district, and has been opened in only a few places. It 
is mined in Dunbar township, where its maximum thickness’‘is 3 feet 4 
inches, A 3-inch bone binder, 13 inches from the bottom; cuts the 
bed into two benches, The coal is extremely high in ash, and rather 
high in sulphur. 


The Waynesburg coal has been mined more extensively in the river 
district, but it is not persistent. On Redstone Creek the bed is ° 
locally 10 feet thick but is composed of alternating bands of coal 
and clay, Where the bed is thinner the quality is better, and the 
coal is used-for domestic fuel, On Dunlap Creek the bed is very 
impure. In the vicinity of Heistersburg and Merrittstown it averages 
5 feet thick, and occurs in Several benches, one of which is often 
clean‘enough.to be mined. On Wallace Run ‘the bed is 4 feet 5 inches 
thick, with a few inches of bone coal 12 inches from the roof. North 
of Masontown it ‘is split. by pater clay partings, iit is 7 feet 2 
inches thick. * | Pe f x 
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3 Waynesburg: NA" Coal,. This bed, lying about 60 feet above the 
Waynesburg coal, is thin but has good quality, It is almost entirely 
absent in: Pele Uniontown-Connellsville district. In the river tis- 
trict it has been opened far house fuel, It is 3 feet 6 inches thick 
in the Lambert. shaft section; on Midcle Ruri 4 feet 6 inches, and on 
Antrim Run 3 feet thick, The coal thins within a few feet. 


Washington Coal. The Washington coal is 2 feet 5 inches thick 
in Lambert. shaft, and 141 feet above the Waynesburg. It rarely is 
over 2 feet- thick. in the county, and has never been mined, | 


Several other beds lying above the Washington coal are too thin 
to be mined in Fayette. County. 


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GENERALIZED SECTION OF COAL BEDS 
FAYETTE COUNTY 


Average 
Coal bed interval Average 





















in eet thick 
Washington Washington Otten 
‘ ; 2 
Waynesburg "A" 110" 
,s«s aymesburg Dig 
Uniontown 1'O" 
Monongehe la *. 
375 
; Sewickley prey Fe OhL 
Redstone Pye 
Pittsburgh SLOr 
Wellersburg 1'O" 
Conemaugh 
600 
Hager OLS 
Parmington gM bye 
Upper Freeport 215" 
Lower Freeport oS ht 
Upper Kittanning .9N 
Alle gneny 
275 Middle Kittanning ro" 
Lower Kittanning ptgu 
Brookville-Clarion DE 
Pottsville < Pottsville sandstone 125 
180 + Marcer oe ol or 


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